The Iron Giant

The Iron Giant is a 1999 American animated science fiction film produced by Warner Bros. Feature Animation and directed by Brad Bird in his directorial debut, who would later both script and direct the Pixar film The Incredibles (2004) and its 2018 sequel. It is based on the 1968 novel The Iron Man by Ted Hughes (which was published in the United States as The Iron Giant) and was scripted by Tim McCanlies from a story treatment by Bird. The film stars the voices of Vin Diesel(voicing the titular character), Eli Marienthal, Jennifer Aniston, [https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Harry_Connick_Jr. Harry Connick Jr.], Christopher McDonald and John Mahoney. Set during the Cold War in 1957, the film centers on a young boy named Hogarth Hughes, who discovers and befriends a gigantic metallic robot who fell from outer space. With the help of a beatnik artist named Dean McCoppin, Hogarth attempts to prevent the U.S. military and Kent Mansley, a paranoid federal agent, from finding and destroying the Giant. The film's development began in 1994 as a musical with the involvement of The Who's Pete Townshend, though the project took root once Bird signed on as director and hired McCanlies to write the screenplay in 1996. The film was animated using traditional animation, with computer-generated imagery used to animate the titular character and other effects. The understaffed crew of the film completed it with half of the time and budget of other animated features. Michael Kamen composed the film's score, which was performed by the Czech Philharmonic.

The Iron Giant premiered at Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles on July 31, 1999 and was released worldwide on August 6. Upon release, the film significantly under-performed at the box office, grossing $31.3 million worldwide against a production budget of $70–80 million, which was blamed on Warner Bros.' unusually poor marketing campaign and skepticism towards animated film production following the failure of Quest for Camelot in the preceding year. Despite this, the film received widespread critical acclaim with praise directed at the story, animation, characters, the portrayal of the title character and the voice performances of Aniston, Connick Jr., Diesel, Mahoney, Marienthal and McDonald. The film was nominated for several awards, winning nine Annie Awards out of 15 nominations. Through home video releases and television syndication, the film gathered a cult following and is now widely regarded as a modern animated classic.[8] [9] [10]  In 2015, an extended, remastered version of the film was re-released theatrically, which saw a home video release the following year.

Plot
During the Cold War, shortly after the Soviet Union launches Sputnik 1 in October 1957, an object from space crashes in the ocean just off the coast of Maine and then enters the forest near the town of Rockwell. 9-year-old Hogarth Hughes investigates and finds a giant robot attempting to eat the transmission lines of an electrical substation. Hogarth eventually befriends the Giant, finding it docile and curious. When it eats railroad tracks in the path of an oncoming train, the train collides with it and derails; Hogarth leads the Giant away from the scene, discovering that it can self-repair. While there, Hogarth shows the Giant comic books chronicling the adventures of Superman.

The incidents lead a paranoid U.S. government agent named Kent Mansley to Rockwell. He suspects Hogarth's involvement after talking with him and his widowed mother Annie, and rents a room in their house to keep watch on him. Hogarth evades Kent and moves the Giant to a junkyard owned by beatnik artist Dean McCoppin, who reluctantly agrees to keep him. Hogarth enjoys his time with the Giant, but is forced to explain "death" after witnessing hunters killing a deer.

That night, Hogarth is abducted by Kent when he discovers evidence of the Giant after finding a photo of it next to Hogarth and brings a U.S. Army contingent led by General Kenneth Rogard to the scrapyard to prove the Giant's existence, but Dean (having been warned by Hogarth earlier) tricks them by pretending the Giant is one of his art pieces. Angered by the apparent false alarm, Rogard prepares to leave with his forces after berating Kent for his antics. Hogarth then continues to have fun with the Giant by playing with a toy gun, but inadvertently activates the Giant's defensive system and Dean orders it away for Hogarth's safety with Hogarth giving chase. Dean realizes the Giant was only acting in self-defense and catches up to Hogarth as they follow the Giant.

The Giant saves two boys falling from a roof when it arrives, winning over the townspeople. Kent jabbers wildly at Rogard to return to Rockwell when he spots the Giant in the town while leaving Rockwell; the Army attacks the Giant after he had picked up Hogarth, forcing the two to flee together. They initially evade the military by using the Giant's flight system, but the Giant is then shot down and crashes to the ground. Hogarth is knocked unconscious, but the Giant, thinking Hogarth is dead, transforms into a war machine in a fit of grief and retaliates, forcing its way back to Rockwell. Kent then convinces Rogard to prepare a nuclear missile launch from a submarine, as conventional weapons prove ineffective. Hogarth then wakes up and returns in time to calm the Giant while Dean clarifies the situation to Rogard. The General is ready to stand down when Kent impulsively orders the missile launch, causing the missile to head towards Rockwell where it will kill everyone. Kent attempts to escape, but the Giant stops him and Rogard has him arrested for his actions. In order to save the town, the Giant bids farewell to Hogarth and flies off to intercept the missile. As he soars directly into the path of the rocket, the Giant remembers Hogarth's words "You are who you choose to be", smiles contentedly and says "Superman" as he collides with the weapon. The missile explodes in the atmosphere, saving Rockwell, its population and the military forces nearby but seemingly at the cost of the Giant, leaving Hogarth devastated.

Months later, a memorial of the Giant stands in Rockwell and Dean and Annie begin a relationship. Hogarth is given a package from Rogard, containing a bolt from the Giant which is the only remnant found. That night, Hogarth finds the bolt trying to move on its own and, remembering the Giant's ability to self-repair, happily allows the bolt to leave. The bolt joins many other parts as they converge on the Giant's head on the Langjökull glacier in Iceland, to which he smiles as he begins reassembling himself.

Cast
Christopher McDonald, Brad Bird and Eli Marienthalin March 2012 at the Iron Giant screening at the LA Animation Festival
 * Vin Diesel as The Iron Giant, a fifty-foot, metal-eating robot.[11]  Created for an unknown purpose, the Giant involuntarily reacts defensively if he recognizes anything as a weapon, immediately attempting to destroy it. The Giant's voice was originally to be electronically modulated but the filmmakers decided they "needed a deep, resonant and expressive voice to start with," so they hired Diesel.[12]
 * Eli Marienthal as Hogarth Hughes, an intelligent, energetic and curious 9-year-old boy with an active imagination. Marienthal's performances were videotaped and given to animators to work with, which helped develop expressions and acting for the character.[13]
 * Christopher McDonald as Kent Mansley, a paranoid federal government agent sent to investigate sightings of the Iron Giant. The logo on his official government car says he is from the "Bureau of Unexplained Phenomena".
 * Harry Connick, Jr. as Dean McCoppin, a beatnik artist and junkyard owner. Bird felt it appropriate to make the character a member of the beat generation, as they were viewed as mildly threatening to small-town values during that time. An outsider himself, he is among the first to recognize the Giant as no threat.[14]
 * Jennifer Aniston as Annie Hughes, Hogarth's mother who is the widow of a military pilot.
 * John Mahoney as General Kenneth Rogard,[11]  an experienced and levelheaded military leader in Washington, D.C. who strongly dislikes Mansley.
 * M. Emmet Walsh as Earl Stutz, a sailor and the first man to see the robot.
 * James Gammon as Marv Loach, a foreman who follows the robot's trail after it destroys the power station.
 * Gammon also voices Floyd Toubeaux.
 * Cloris Leachman as Mrs. Lynley Tensedge, Hogarth's schoolteacher.
 * Ollie Johnston and Frank Thomas as the train engineers. Johnston and Thomas were animators and members of Disney's "Nine Old Men". Bird cited them as inspirations for his career and incorporated their voices and likenesses into the film.[14]
 * Hans Zimmer as General Rogard's Army (uncredited)

Additional voices

 * Jack Angel
 * Bob Bergen
 * Mary Kay Bergman
 * Michael Bird
 * Devon Cole Borisoff
 * Rodger Bumpass
 * Robert Clotworthy
 * Jennifer Darling
 * Zack Eginton
 * Paul Eiding
 * Bill Farmer
 * Charles Howerton
 * Ollie Johnston
 * Sherry Lynn
 * Mickie McGowan
 * Ryan O'Donohue
 * Philip Proctor
 * Frank Thomas
 * Patti Tippo
 * Brian Tochi

Development
The origins of the film lie in the book The Iron Man (1968), by poet Ted Hughes, who wrote the novel for his children. In the 1980s, rock musician Pete Townshend chose to adapt the book for a concept album; it was released as The Iron Man: A Musical in 1989.[12]  In 1991, Richard Bazley, who later became the film's lead animator, pitched a version of The Iron Man to Don Bluth while working at his studio in Ireland. He created a story outline and character designs but Bluth passed on the project.[13]  After a stage musical was mounted in London, Des McAnuff, who had adapted Tommy with Townshend for the stage, believed that The Iron Man could translate to the screen, and the project was ultimately acquired by Warner Bros. Entertainment.[12]

In late 1996, while developing the project on its way through, the studio saw the film as a perfect vehicle for Brad Bird, who at the time was working for Turner Feature Animation developing Ray Gunn.[12]  Turner Entertainment had recently merged with Warner Bros. parent company Time Warner, and Bird was allowed to transfer to the Warner Bros. Animation studio to direct The Iron Giant.[12]  After reading the original Iron Man book by Hughes, Bird was impressed with the mythology of the story and in addition, was given an unusual amount of creative control by Warner Bros.[12]  This creative control involved introducing two new characters not present in the original book, Dean and Kent, setting the film in America, and discarding Townshend's musical ambitions (who did not care either way, reportedly remarking, "Well, whatever, I got paid").[15] <sup id="cite_ref-birdint09_17-0">[16]  Bird would expand upon his desire to set the film in America in the 1950s in a later interview: The Maine setting looks Norman Rockwell idyllic on the outside, but inside everything is just about to boil over; everyone was scared of the bomb, the Russians, Sputnik — even rock and roll. This clenched Ward Cleaver smile masking fear (which is really what the Kent character was all about). It was the perfect environment to drop a 50-foot-tall robot into.<sup id="cite_ref-birdint09_17-1">[16] Ted Hughes, the original story's author, died before the film's release. His daughter, Frieda Hughes, did see the finished film on his behalf and loved it. Pete Townshend, who this project originally started with, enjoyed the final film as well.<sup id="cite_ref-18">[17]

Writing
Tim McCanlies was hired to write the script, though Bird was somewhat displeased with having another writer on board, as he wanted to write the screenplay himself.<sup id="cite_ref-McCanlies_16-1">[15]  He later changed his mind after reading McCanlies' then-unproduced screenplay for Secondhand Lions.<sup id="cite_ref-productionotes_13-6">[12]  In Bird's original story treatment, America and the USSR were at war at the end, with the Giant dying. McCanlies decided to have a brief scene displaying his survival, stating, "You can't kill E.T. and then not bring him back." McCanlies finished the script within two months. McCanlies was given a three-month schedule to complete a script, and it was by way of the film's tight schedule that Warner Bros. "didn't have time to mess with us" as McCanlies said.<sup id="cite_ref-ironlion_19-0">[18]  The question of the Giant's backstory was purposefully ignored as to keep the story focused on his relationship with Hogarth.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-0">[19]  Bird considered the story difficult to develop due to its combination of unusual elements, such as "paranoid fifties sci-fi movies with the innocence of something like The Yearling."<sup id="cite_ref-birdint09_17-2">[16]  Hughes himself was sent a copy of McCanlies' script and sent a letter back, saying how pleased he was with the version. In the letter, Hughes stated, "I want to tell you how much I like what Brad Bird has done. He’s made something all of a piece, with terrific sinister gathering momentum and the ending came to me as a glorious piece of amazement. He’s made a terrific dramatic situation out of the way he’s developed The Iron Giant. I can’t stop thinking about it."<sup id="cite_ref-productionotes_13-7">[12]

Bird combined his knowledge from his years in television to direct his first feature. He credited his time working on Family Dogas essential to team-building, and his tenure on The Simpsons as an example of working under strict deadlines.<sup id="cite_ref-birdint09_17-3">[16]  He was open to others on his staff to help develop the film; he would often ask crew members their opinions on scenes and change things accordingly.<sup id="cite_ref-lat99_21-0">[20]  One of his priorities was to emphasize softer, character-based moments, as opposed to more frenetic scenes—something Bird thought was a problem with modern filmmaking. "There has to be activity or sound effects or cuts or music blaring. It's almost as if the audience has the remote and they're going to change channels," he commented at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-1">[19] Storyboard artist Teddy Newton played an important role in shaping the film's story. Newton's first assignment on staff involved being asked by Bird to create a film within a film to reflect the "hygiene-type movies that everyone saw when the bomb scare was happening." Newton came to the conclusion that a musical number would be the catchiest alternative, and the "Duck and Cover" sequence came to become one of the crew members' favorites of the film.<sup id="cite_ref-commentary_15-2">[14]  Nicknamed "The X-Factor" by story department head Jeffery Lynch, the producers gave him artistic freedom on various pieces of the film's script.<sup id="cite_ref-dvdint_22-0">[21]

Animation
The financial failure of Warner's previous animated effort, Quest for Camelot, which made the studio reconsider animated films, helped shape The Iron Giant's production considerably. "Three-quarters" of the animation team on that team helped craft The Iron Giant.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-2">[19]  By the time it entered production, Warner Bros. informed the staff that there would be a smaller budget as well as time-frame to get the film completed. Although the production was watched closely, Bird commented "They did leave us alone if we kept it in control and showed them we were producing the film responsibly and getting it done on time and doing stuff that was good." Bird regarded the trade-off as having "one-third of the money of a Disney or DreamWorks film, and half of the production schedule," but the payoff as having more creative freedom, describing the film as "fully-made by the animation team; I don't think any other studio can say that to the level that we can."<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-3">[19]  A small part of the team took a weeklong research trip to Maine, where they photographed and videotaped five small cities. They hoped to accurately reflect its culture down to the minutiae; "we shot store fronts, barns, forests, homes, home interiors, diners, every detail we could, including the bark on trees," said production designer Mark Whiting.<sup id="cite_ref-aa99.3_23-0">[22]

Bird stuck to elaborate scene planning, such as detailed animatics, to make sure there were no budgetary concerns.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-4">[19]  The team initially worked with Macromedia's Director software, before switching to Adobe After Effects full-time. Bird was eager to use the then-nascent software, as it allowed for storyboard to contain indications of camera moves. The software became essential to that team—dubbed "Macro" early on—to help the studio grasp story reels for the film. These also allowed Bird to better understand what the film required from an editing perspective. In the end, he was proud of the way the film was developed, noting that "We could imagine the pace and the unfolding of our film accurately with a relatively small expenditure of resources."<sup id="cite_ref-awm98_24-0">[23]  The group would gather in a screening room to view completed sequences, with Bird offering suggestions by drawing onto the screen with a marker. Lead animator Bazley suggested this led to a sense of camaraderie among the crew, who were unified in their mission to create a good film.<sup id="cite_ref-aa99.1_14-2">[13]  Bird cited his favorite moment of the film's production as occurring in the editing room, when the crew gathered to test a sequence in which the Giant learns what a soul is. "People in the room were spontaneously crying. It was pivotal; there was an undeniable feeling that we were really tapping into something," he recalled.<sup id="cite_ref-birdint09_17-4">[16]

He opted to give the film's animators portions to animate entirely, rather than the standard process of animating one character, in a throwback to the way Disney's first features were created.<sup id="cite_ref-lat99_21-1">[20] <sup id="cite_ref-aa99.2_25-0">[24]  The exception were those responsible for creating the Giant himself, who was created using computer-generated imagery due to the difficulty of creating a metal object "in a fluid-like manner."<sup id="cite_ref-productionotes_13-8">[12]  They had additional trouble with using the computer model to express emotion.<sup id="cite_ref-lat99_21-2">[20]  The Giant was designed by filmmaker Joe Johnston, which was refined by production designer Mark Whiting and Steve Markowski, head animator for the Giant.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-5">[19]  Using software, the team would animate the Giant "on twos" (every other frame, or twelve frames per second) when interacting with other characters, to make it less obvious it was a computer model.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-6">[19]  Bird brought in students from CalArts to assist in minor animation work due to the film's busy schedule. He made sure to spread out the work on scenes between experienced and younger animators, noting, "You overburden your strongest people and underburden the others [if you let your top talent monopolize the best assignments]."<sup id="cite_ref-lat99_21-3">[20]  Hiroki Itokazu designed all of the film's CGI props and vehicles, which were created in a variety of software, including Alias Systems Corporation's Maya, Alias' PowerAnimator, a modified version of Pixar's RenderMan, Softimage Creative Environment, Cambridge Animation's Animo (now part of Toon Boom Technologies), Avid Elastic Reality, and Adobe Photoshop.<sup id="cite_ref-aa99_26-0">[25]

The art of Norman Rockwell, Edward Hopper and N.C. Wyeth inspired the design. Whiting strove for colors both evocative of the time period in which the film is set and also representative of its emotional tone; for example, Hogarth's room is designed to reflect his "youth and sense of wonder."<sup id="cite_ref-aa99.3_23-1">[22]  That was blended with a style reminiscent of 1950s illustration. Animators studied Chuck Jones, Hank Ketcham, Al Hirschfeld and Disney films from that era, such as 101 Dalmatians, for inspiration in the film's animation.<sup id="cite_ref-aa99.2_25-1">[24]

Music
The score for the film was composed and conducted by Michael Kamen, making it the only film directed by Bird to not to be scored by his future collaborator, Michael Giacchino. Bird's original temp score, "a collection of Bernard Herrmann cues from '50s and '60s sci-fi films," initially scared Kamen.<sup id="cite_ref-kamen_27-0">[26]  Believing the sound of the orchestra is important to the feeling of the film, Kamen "decided to comb eastern Europe for an "old-fashioned" sounding orchestra and went to Prague to hear Vladimir Ashkenazy conduct the Czech Philharmonic in Strauss's An Alpine Symphony." Eventually, the Czech Philharmonic was the orchestra used for the film's score, with Bird describing the symphony orchestra as "an amazing collection of musicians."<sup id="cite_ref-MakingOf_28-0">[27]  The score for The Iron Giant was recorded in a rather unconventional manner, compared to most films: recorded over one week at the Rudolfinum in Prague, the music was recorded without conventional uses of syncing the music, in a method Kamen described in a 1999 interview as "[being able to] play the music as if it were a piece of classical repertoire."<sup id="cite_ref-kamen_27-1">[26]  Kamen's score for The Iron Giant won the Annie Award for Music in an Animated Feature Production on November 6, 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-kamen1_29-0">[28]

Post-production
Bird opted to produce The Iron Giant in widescreen—specifically the wide 2.39:1 CinemaScope aspect ratio—but was warned against doing so by his advisers. He felt it was appropriate to use the format, as many films from the late 1950s were produced in such widescreen formats.<sup id="cite_ref-Irony_30-0">[29]  He hoped to include the CinemaScope logo on a poster, partially as a joke, but 20th Century Fox, owner of the trademark, refused.<sup id="cite_ref-homevid_31-0">[30]

Bird later recalled that he clashed with executives who wished to add characters, such as a sidekick dog, set the film in the present day, and include a soundtrack of hip hop.<sup id="cite_ref-joblo15_32-0">[31]  This was due to concerns that the film was not merchandisable, to which Bird responded, "If they were interested in telling the story, they should let it be what it wants to be."<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-7">[19]  The film was also initially going to released under the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment banner, the logo for which featured mascot Bugs Bunny in a tuxedo as seen in the film's teaser trailer. Bird was against this for a multitude of reasons, and eventually got confirmation that executives Bob Daley and Terry Semel agreed. Instead, Bird and his team developed another version of the logo to resemble the classic studio logo in a circle, famously employed in Looney Tunes shorts.<sup id="cite_ref-joblo15_32-1">[31]  He credited executives Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Courtney Vallenti with helping him achieve his vision, noting that they were open to his opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99_20-8">[19]

According to a report from the time of its release, The Iron Giant cost $50 million to produce with an additional $30 million going towards marketing,<sup id="cite_ref-bw99_7-1">[6]  though Box Office Mojo later calculated its budget as $70 million.<sup id="cite_ref-mojo_6-1">[5]  It was regarded as a lower-budget film, in comparison to the films distributed by Walt Disney Pictures.<sup id="cite_ref-lat99-Eller-Bates_33-0">[32]

Themes
The Iron Giant primarily deals with the concept of existentialism, as well as the nature of humanity. This is exemplified by Dean's statement that "You are who you choose to be", which Hogarth later relays to the Giant. When he began work on the film, Bird was in the midst of coping with the death of his sister, Susan, who was shot and killed by her estranged husband. In researching its source material, he learned that Hughes wrote The Iron Man as a means of comforting his children after his wife, Sylvia Plath, committed suicide, specifically through the metaphor of the title character being able to re-assemble itself after being damaged. These experiences formed the basis of Bird's pitch to Warner Bros., which was based around the idea "What if a gun had a soul, and didn't want to be a gun?"; the completed film was also dedicated to Hughes and Susan.<sup id="cite_ref-dream_34-0">[33] <sup id="cite_ref-birdint_35-0">[34]  McCanlies commented that "At a certain point, there are deciding moments when we pick who we want to be. And that plays out for the rest of your life," adding that films can provide viewers with a sense of right and wrong, and expressed a wish that The Iron Giant would "make us feel like we're all part of humanity [which] is something we need to feel."<sup id="cite_ref-ironlion_19-1">[18]  When some critics compared the film to E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982), Bird responded by saying "E.T. doesn't go kicking ass. He doesn't make the Army pay. Certainly you risk having your hip credentials taken away if you want to evoke anything sad or genuinely heartfelt."<sup id="cite_ref-Irony_30-1">[29]

Marketing
The Iron Giant was a commercial failure during its theatrical release; consensus among critics was that its failure was, in part, due to poor promotion from Warner Bros. This was largely attributable to the reception of Quest for Camelot; after its release, Warner would not give Bird and his team a release date for their film until April 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-lat99.2_36-0">[35] <sup id="cite_ref-aicn_37-0">[36] After wildly successful test screenings, the studio was shocked by the response: the test scores were their highest for a film in 15 years, according to Bird.<sup id="cite_ref-birdint09_17-5">[16]  They had neglected to prepare a successful marketing strategy for the film—such as cereal and fast food tie-ins—with little time left before its scheduled release. Bird remembered that the studio produced only one teaser poster for the film, which became its eventual poster.<sup id="cite_ref-joblo15_32-2">[31]  Brad Ball, who had been assigned the role of marketing the film, was candid after its release, noting that the studio did not commit to a planned Burger King toy plan.<sup id="cite_ref-38">[37]  IGN stated that "In a mis-marketing campaign of epic proportions at the hands of Warner Bros., they simply didn't realize what they had on their hands."<sup id="cite_ref-Otto_39-0">[38]

The studio needed an $8 million opening to ensure success, but they were unable to properly promote it preceding the release. They nearly delayed the film by several months to better prepare. "They said, 'we should delay it and properly lead up to its release,' and I said 'you guys have had two and a half years to get ready for this,'" recalled Bird.<sup id="cite_ref-joblo15_32-3">[31]  Press outlets took note of its absence of marketing,<sup id="cite_ref-ct99_40-0">[39]  with some reporting that the studio had spent more money on marketing for the intended summer blockbuster Wild Wild West instead.<sup id="cite_ref-lat99_21-4">[20] <sup id="cite_ref-lat99.2_36-1">[35]  Warner Bros. scheduled Sunday sneak preview screenings for the film prior to its release,<sup id="cite_ref-ladn99_41-0">[40]  as well as a preview of the film on the online platform Webcastsneak.<sup id="cite_ref-awm99.1_42-0">[41]

Home media and television syndication
After criticism that it mounted an ineffective marketing campaign for its theatrical release, Warner Bros. revamped its advertising strategy for the video release of the film, including tie-ins with Honey Nut Cheerios, AOL and General Motors<sup id="cite_ref-43">[42]  and secured the backing of three U.S. congressmen (Ed Markey, Mark Foley and Howard Berman).<sup id="cite_ref-44">[43]  Awareness of the film was increased by its February 2000 release as a pay-per-view title, which also increased traffic to the film's web site.<sup id="cite_ref-45">[44] [dead link]

The Iron Giant was released on VHS and DVD on November 23, 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-homevid_31-1">[30]  with a laserdisc release following on December 6. The VHS edition came in three versions—pan and scan, pan and scan with an affixed Giant toy to the clamshell case, and a widescreen version. All of the initial widescreen home video releases were in 1.85:1, the incorrect aspect ratio for the film.<sup id="cite_ref-homevid_31-2">[30]  In 2000, television rights to the film were sold to Cartoon Network and TNT for three million dollars. Cartoon Network showed the film continuously for 24 consecutive hours in the early 2000s for such holidays as the Fourth of July and Thanksgiving.<sup id="cite_ref-cn.1_46-0">[45] <sup id="cite_ref-CN.2_47-0">[46]

The Special Edition DVD was released on November 16, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-48">[47]  In 2014, Bird entered discussions with Warner Bros. regarding the possibility of releasing The Iron Giant on Blu-ray. On April 23, he wrote on Twitter that "WB & I have been talking. But they want a bare-bones disc. I want better," and encouraged fans to send tweets to Warner Bros. Home Entertainment in favor of a Special Edition Blu-ray of the film.<sup id="cite_ref-49">[48]  The film was ultimately released on Blu-ray on September 6, 2016 by Warner Home Video, and included both the theatrical cut and the 2015 Signature Edition cut, as well as a documentary entitled The Giant's Dreamthat covered the making of the film.<sup id="cite_ref-50">[49]

Critical response
The Iron Giant received widespread critical acclaim.<sup id="cite_ref-LATRescueDuma_51-0">[50]  On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 96% approval rating based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 8.21/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "The endearing Iron Giant tackles ambitious topics and complex human relationships with a steady hand and beautifully animated direction from Brad Bird."<sup id="cite_ref-52">[51]  Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 85 out of 100 based on 29 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".<sup id="cite_ref-53">[52] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.<sup id="cite_ref-54">[53]  The Reel Source forecasting service calculated that "96–97%" of audiences that attended recommended the film.<sup id="cite_ref-ladn99_41-1">[40]

Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times called it "straight-arrow and subversive, [and] made with simplicity as well as sophistication," writing, "it feels like a classic even though it's just out of the box."<sup id="cite_ref-lat99.1_55-0">[54]  Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3.5 out of 4 stars, and compared it, both in story and animation, to the works of Japanese director Hayao Miyazaki, summarizing the film as "not just a cute romp but an involving story that has something to say."<sup id="cite_ref-ebert_56-0">[55]  The New Yorker reviewer Michael Sragow dubbed it a "modern fairy tale," writing, "The movie provides a master class in the use of scale and perspective—and in its power to open up a viewer’s heart and mind."<sup id="cite_ref-ny99_57-0">[56]  Time's Richard Schickel deemed it "a smart live-and-let-live parable, full of glancing, acute observations on all kinds of big subjects—life, death, the military-industrial complex."<sup id="cite_ref-time99-Schickel_58-0">[57]  Lawrence Van Gelder, writing for The New York Times, deemed it a "smooth, skilled example of animated filmmaking."<sup id="cite_ref-nyt99_59-0">[58]  Joe Morgenstern of The Wall Street Journal felt it "beautiful, oh so beautiful, as a work of coherent art," noting, "be assured that the film is, before anything else, deliciously funny and deeply affecting."<sup id="cite_ref-wsj99_60-0">[59]

Both Hollywood trade publications were positive: David Hunter of The Hollywood Reporter predicted it to be a sleeper hit and called it "outstanding,"<sup id="cite_ref-hr99_61-0">[60]  while Lael Loewenstein of Variety called it "a visually appealing, well-crafted film [...] an unalloyed success."<sup id="cite_ref-v99_62-0">[61]  Bruce Fretts of Entertainment Weekly commented, "I have long thought that I was born without the gene that would allow me to be emotionally drawn in by drawings. That is, until I saw The Iron Giant."<sup id="cite_ref-63">[62]  Peter Stack of the San Francisco Chronicle agreed that the storytelling was far superior to other animated films, and cited the characters as plausible and noted the richness of moral themes.<sup id="cite_ref-64">[63]  Jeff Millar of the Houston Chronicle agreed with the basic techniques as well, and concluded the voice cast excelled with a great script by Tim McCanlies.<sup id="cite_ref-65">[64]  The Washington Post's Stephen Hunter, while giving the film 4 out of 5 stars, opined, "The movie — as beautifully drawn, as sleek and engaging as it is — has the annoyance of incredible smugness."<sup id="cite_ref-wp99_66-0">[65]

Box office
The Iron Giant opened at Mann's Chinese Theater in Los Angeles on July 31, 1999, with a special ceremony preceding the screening in which a concrete slab bearing the title character's footprint was commemorated.<sup id="cite_ref-v99.1_67-0">[66]  The film opened in Los Angeles and New York on August 4, 1999,<sup id="cite_ref-awm99.1_42-1">[41]  with a wider national release occurring on August 6 in the United States. It opened in 2,179 theaters in the U.S., ranking at number nine at the box office accumulating $5,732,614 over its opening weekend.<sup id="cite_ref-cst99_68-0">[67]  It was quick to drop out of the top ten; by its fourth week, it had accumulated only $18.9 million—far under its reported $70 million budget.<sup id="cite_ref-mojo_6-2">[5] <sup id="cite_ref-cst99_68-1">[67] According to Dave McNary of the Los Angeles Daily News, "Its weekend per-theater average was only $2,631, an average of $145 or perhaps 30 tickets per showing"—leading theater owners to quickly discard the film.<sup id="cite_ref-ladn99_41-2">[40]  At the time, Warner Bros. was shaken by the resignations of executives Bob Daly and Terry Semel, making the failure much worse.<sup id="cite_ref-ladn99_41-3">[40]  T.L. Stanley of Brandweek cited it as an example of how media tie-ins were now essential to guaranteeing a film's success.<sup id="cite_ref-bw99_7-2">[6]

The film went on to gross $23,159,305 domestically and $8,174,612 internationally for a total of $31,333,917 worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-mojo_6-3">[5] <sup id="cite_ref-numbers_8-1">[7]  Analysts deemed it a victim of poor timing and "a severe miscalculation of how to attract an audience."<sup id="cite_ref-ladn99_41-4">[40]  Lorenzo di Bonaventura, president of Warner Bros. at the time, explained, "People always say to me, 'Why don't you make smarter family movies?' The lesson is, Every time you do, you get slaughtered."<sup id="cite_ref-69">[68]

Accolades
The Hugo Awards nominated The Iron Giant for Best Dramatic Presentation,<sup id="cite_ref-70">[69]  while the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America honored Brad Bird and Tim McCanlies with the Nebula Award nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-71">[70]  The British Academy of Film and Television Arts gave the film a Children's Award as Best Feature Film.<sup id="cite_ref-72">[71]  In addition The Iron Giant won nine Annie Awards and was nominated for another six categories,<sup id="cite_ref-73">[72]  with another nomination for Best Home Video Release at The Saturn Awards.<sup id="cite_ref-74">[73]  IGNranked The Iron Giant as the fifth favorite animated film of all time in a list published in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-75">[74]  In 2008, the American Film Institute nominated The Iron Giant for its Top 10 Animated Films list.<sup id="cite_ref-76">[75]  WatchMojo.com ranked The Iron Giant number 6 on its Top 10 Animated Movies of the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-77">[76]

Legacy
The film has gathered a cult following since its original release.<sup id="cite_ref-Otto_39-1">[38]  When questioned over social media if there was ever a possibility of a sequel, Bird stated that because the film was considered a financial flop, a sequel was not likely to ever happen, but also stressed that he considered the story of The Iron Giant to be completely self-contained in the film, and saw no need for extending the story.<sup id="cite_ref-78">[77]

The Iron Giant appeared in Steven Spielberg's 2018 film Ready Player One, replacing Ultraman from the book due to licensing issues, where he fights alongside the RX-78-2 Gundam against Mechagodzilla.<sup id="cite_ref-79">[78]

Signature Edition
A remastered and extended cut of the film, named the Signature Edition, was shown in one-off screenings across the United States and Canada on September 30, 2015, and October 4, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-AWNDuncanStudio_80-0">[79]  The edition is approximately two minutes longer than the original cut, and features a brief scene with Annie and Dean and the sequence of the Giant's dream.<sup id="cite_ref-FathomEventsPage_81-0">[80]  Both scenes were storyboarded by Bird during the production on the original film but never finished due to time and budget constraints. Before they were fully completed for this new version, they were available as deleted storyboards on the 2004 DVD bonus features.<sup id="cite_ref-AWNDuncanStudio_80-1">[79] They were animated in 2015 by Duncan Studio, which employed several animators that worked on the original film.<sup id="cite_ref-AWNDuncanStudio_80-2">[79]  The film's Signature Edition was released on DVD and for digital download on February 16, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-82">[81]  An official Blu-ray release was available on September 6, 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-83">[82]  Along with the additional scene, it also showcases abandoned ideas that were not initially used due to copyright reasons, specifically a nod to Disney via a Tomorrowland commercial, which was also a reference to his then-recently released film of the same name, and a reference regarding the film being shot with CinemaScope cameras.<sup id="cite_ref-commentary_15-3">[14]